This course follows classical principles for teaching physiology by providing direct, hands-on experience in the laboratory. In these days of stretched budgets and limited faculty time, such a laboratory teaching program is not only an exceptionally good opportunity, it is one that is becoming less and less available across the country. The "Capstone Laboratory" requires a student to have passed the PSL431/432 courses. As shown in Table 2, it is commonly taken in the last semester of the senior year. The course is offered only in the spring semester.